At the same time, African societies put up various forms of resistance against the attempt to colonize their … Germany then acquired German South-West Africa (today Namibia), Cameroon, Togo, German East Africa (today Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi) and parts of Papua-New Guinea. In one instance, two Germans were killed in the town of Kilwa; German marines were eventually ordered in who cleared the town, killing every one they saw. Valuable oil palms grew naturally near the coast. Resisting made the percentage of survival much less for Africans and brutality became synonymous with German imperialism in Africa. [11] Moreover, the imposition of tax in 1898 initiated the transition to the second phase of administration whose chief characteristic was the collapse of the compromises made earlier in the decade. Cotton production in German East Africa was administered in a much different manner than in other areas of the continent. The main goal of the Germans in Namibia was to provide a Lebensraum for its people; more territory that a state believes is needed for its natural development. The Germans attacked the Herero where they were mainly gathered, right next to the Kalahari Desert. Most victims of the Shark Island camp were the Nama people; they saw the tragedy that the Herero went through and rebelled against the Germans because of that. The formation of impressive rail networks and telegraph systems further supported this opinion. In German East Africa this was much harder to pursue as agriculture was less developed, and farmers sometimes needed to be coerced into producing certain crops. This exploration led initially to the establishment of th… By Antonio Ochoa There were many reasons why the European people wanted to colonize Africa. German colonies comprised territory that makes up 22 countries today, mostly in Africa, including Nigeria, Ghana, and Uganda. After the first Germans were killed by the Herero, the Germans turned extreme and believed ethnic cleansing was necessary. [43] After World War I, Germany did not just lose territory but lost commercial footholds, spheres of influence, and imperialistic ambitions of continued expansion. Beginning in 1884, Germany had established a colony in what was called South West Africa which bordered South Africa, Angola, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) and Botswana (Bechuanaland). By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 7, 2020 3:43:16 PM ET. This all happened in the 1500's. These German companies operated out of Bremen and Hamburg; the businesses were at the commercial and political frontier of the expanding colonial state. This also feeds the general opinion that German colonial history was only a short perio… At the time of the Scramble for Africa, major world powers like Great Britain, France, and Spain were competing for power on the European stage. This activity led to the depopulation of inland zones. It was a mixture of nationalism, militarism, and racism that prompted Kaiser Wilhelm II to send a large army to crush the Herero. Eventually, when the Germans believed the time was right to assert more control, they began disputing the Herero claims over land. Hover for more information. By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 7, 2020 3:43:16 PM ET. Countries like Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, other powers were losing money, and Africa appeared to be a way out of the depression. In 1876 he commissioned Sir Henry Morton Stanley’s expedition to explore the Congo region. [6] Further inland, administration grew outwards from strategic garrisons but was transferred to civilian hands more slowly. After the conquest of African decentralized and centralized states, the European powers set about establishing colonial state systems. The exploitative nature of the German regime swept the natives of Kamerun into a changed world. [42] Great Britain and France had made secret arrangements splitting German territory and the Treaty of Versailles only cemented what had already taken place. Part of this feeling, among some Italians, included a desire to acquire overseas colonies—as other European countries wer… Some saw Germany's behavior in South-West Africa as a precursor of German actions in the Holocaust. For a period of time, after the Germans declared Kamerun a protectorate, they only had a solidified position on the coast; the Germans had not been successful in opening trade routes in the interior, partly for geographical reasons. The company did not waste any time in dispatching eighteen expeditions to make treaties expanding its territories in East Africa, but these moves by the Germans stirred hostility in the region. The geographical limitations of Europe were also a factor. The European countries used spreading Christianity and helping "enlighten" as the reason to tell the masses of their imperialism. Many of the ideologies behind imperialism were discriminatory in nature, using racist beliefs to justify harsh authoritarian leadership styles. Germany lost control of its colonial empire at the beginning of World War I when its colonies were seized by its enemies in the first weeks of the war. The primary reason for European colonization of Africa was capitalism. In some places throughout Africa, the colonial state only needed to provide seeds of encouragement as commercial agriculture was already well established. Social As a side effect of the Industrial Revolution unemployment, poverty, and homelessness had become prevalent throughout Europe. The Herero were beaten, overworked, and starved to death by the army of the Second Reich, this became the first genocide of the twentieth century. 7 years ago. Key Terms The history of external colonisation of Africa can be divided into two stages: Classical antiquity and European colonialism. Not all Herero acted against the Germans originally and even expressed their continued loyalty. They did not want to colonize Africa - just have power over the countries so that they could have all of their raw goods, like ivory (that was the big one). The German colonization of Africa took place during two distinct periods. Germans met armed resistance from the Bassa-Bakoko, one of the largest ethnic groups of the coastal and northwest Kamerun areas, who staged an armed rebellion trying to halt German inland penetration, but were defeated between 1892 and 1895. Owing to its delayed unification by land-oriented Prussia in 1871, Germany came late to the imperialist scramble for remote colonial territory—their so-called "place in the sun." In fact, European countries competed with one another to see who could attain the most power and growth. Relevance. Much like what occurred in North and South America, European colonizers brought the Christian faith to Africa through missionaries. Unlike e.g. Lasting from 1890 to 1941, Italian colonialism in Africa included the presentday countries of Libya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. The German Colonial empire got its start around 1884, and in those years they acquired several territories in Africa: German East Africa (including present-day Burundi, Rwanda, and the mainland part of Tanzania); German South-West Africa (present-day Namibia), German Cameroon (including parts of present-day Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Chad and Nigeria); and Togoland (present-day Togo and parts of Ghana). [3] Warriors flocked to a few of the coastal towns and gave the Germans two days to leave. Yet Germany wanted an empire so they snapped up a few scraps just to spite the UK and France. These troops were all that stood between the meagre German administration and the African population. These were colonies unsuccessfully settled by Brandenburg-Prussia (part of the Holy Roman Empire realm), after 1701 Kingdom of Prussia, before the foundation of the German Empire in 1871.. Africa. Germany eventually did get some colonial presence in Africa. German officials understood that their people needed space to grow and prosper; the Germans faced a choice of decline through lack of space and loss of population (as many had already left for America), or expanding into new lands. The first was in 1884/1885 after the Berlin Conference when European states divided Africa in a way that can still be seen in the rather straight borders of today’s Africa. The prospect of a colony in East Africa was too much to ignore; it was perfect for the continued economic stability and growth of Germany. Colonization became so popular during this period for many reasons. The Germans forced many Herero into a war they did not want. Why Did Europe Colonize Africa? Life for the African people during colonization was difficult. [7] By 1914, Tanganyika was divided into 22 administrative districts, and only two of them were still ruled by soldiers. There were many reasons for the colonization of Africa, including economic, political, and religious motives. Answer Save. The district officer exercised full jurisdiction over ‘natives’, for although legislation specified the punishments he might impose, nothing defined the offences for which he might impose them. Why Mahomes' mom wasn't happy with NFL announcers. The German East Africa was a big empire of what is now Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania. [1] Germany had recently unified in 1871 and the rapid industrialization of their society required a steady stream of raw materials. Before that time, what is twenty-first-century Italy consisted of several independent kingdoms. Soon after the agreement to create an East African colony was reached, the German Kaiser granted imperial protection to the possessions of the German East African Company, which had autonomy in the region. Before the Treaty of Versailles was even signed, Great Britain, France, and Japan had total control over the German colonies since 1915, except for East Africa. A Belgian colony: 1914-1962: When Germany invades Belgium, at the start of World War I, the Belgians retaliate in a smaller way in central Africa. Britain, Germany didn't have enough of a navy to support overseas colonies, but had an army that was more than willing to annex adjacent territories. Theodor Leutwein. 4 Educator answers. “A Historiography of German Togoland, or the Rise and Fall of a ‘Model Colony.’”, Bildungskanal. Relations between Britain and Germany grew worse from 1900-1904 because at the time both were trying to colonize countries in Africa. why did Germany colonize Rwanda? To fix this problem members of the ‘surplus’ population were exported as colonists in Algeria, Tunisisa, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Mozambique, he colony came into existence during the 1880s and ended with Imperial Germany's defeat in World War I. While most German citizens do know that Germany had colonies in Africa, the majority does not know much more than that. Lv 7. The country is about 800 000 square kilometers big and borders on Angola to the north and Botswana in the east. The Orange River marks the border between the two countries. [33] Some Germans also argued that the colonial territories which blossomed under their rule were economically ruined after they were expunged. The idea of separating people out from typical society and killing them as quick as possibly was probably born on Shark Island. What was colonization? Because all the good parts of Africa were already taken. [26] As the Germans subdued rebellious Africans, their expeditions also resulted in obtaining forced laborers for the coastal plantations. [12] The old compromises collapsed because the increase in German military strength made them less dependent on local allies and while earlier officers often welcomed their collaborators’ power, later ones suspected it. Occupation and Domination But even then, it wasn't very enthusiastic about it . The main reason for this is the curriculum of the German educational system. Originally, the Germans used negotiation and bargaining tactics with the Herero for land. The Portuguese colonised both Mozambique and Angola, in southern Africa, whilst South-western Africa, along with Tanganyika in East Africa were under German rule. In popular parlance, discussions of colonialism in Africa usually focus on the European conquests that resulted in the scramble for Africa after the Berlin Conference in the 19th century. In the 1680s, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, then leading the broader realm of Brandenburg-Prussia, pursued limited imperial efforts in West Africa. By 1900, when the force of the quick colonization was over, the majority of the land in Africa was divided up amongst seven different European colonizing nations: Britain, France, Spain, … By 1900 a significant part of Africa had been colonized by mainly seven European powers—Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. The 1880s mark the beginning of the colonial period in African history. Well, in 1990 the German colony of South Western Africa became announced to be called Namibia. It is sparsely mentioned in history books. Four Reasons for colonization of Africa. Before it reached that point, the Germans started off slow in Namibia, from a position of relative weakness. 4 Answers. Five years later, a treaty with the king of Arguin in Mauritania established a protectorate over that island, and Brandenburg occupied an abandoned fort originally constructed there by Portugal. Expert Answers. Prior to the wave of European colonization, the geography of Africa was generally misunderstood. Germany colonized Rwanda from 1896 to 1918 under the German East Africa -. The Germans also started to treat the Herero harshly, started minor instances of conflict with them, and raped their women; the Herero became convinced that resistance was the only way to combat this. [9] The German rule of East Africa was solely based on force and German officials inspired great terror. Why Did Europe Colonize Africa? The African natives were shipped by cattle cars and taken to a place far from public view to be exterminated. Settlements in modern Guinea and Nigeria's Ondo State failed within a year; those in Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania and Togo quickly grew into lucrative colonies. To a smaller extent, Germany and Italy had, too. So the German influence is not yet extensive when the region is taken abruptly from their hands after the outbreak of the European war in 1914. The primary reason for European colonization of Africa was capitalism. After the conquest of African decentralized and centralized states, the European powers set about establishing colonial state systems. During its thirty-year occupation by the Germans, Togoland was held up by many European imperialists as a model colony, primarily because the German regime produced balanced budgets and was devoid of any major wars. [8] The chief characteristic of German rule was the power and autonomy of the district officer; sheer lack of communication dictated this. In the 1890’s their aims were military security and political control; to achieve this the Germans used a mixture of violence and alliances with African leaders. The geographical limitations of Europe were also a factor. This vast area was both heavily arid with two deserts, the Namib and the Kalahari, as well as being rich in natural resources such as copper, gold, diamonds, uranium and lead. The resources-rich continent and its strategic positioning between Europe and Asia always attracted the attention of the European colonial powers as well as the mighty nations in Asia and the Middle East. This fear persisted because the Germans never numbered more than 200 white officers and barely enlisted 1,300 Africans as troops. Some saw Germany's behavior in South-West Africa as a precursor of German actions in the Holocaust. This lack of attention in schools implies that this is not an important period in German history. Many of the old African collaborators did not necessarily lose power in this second stage of German administration, but to survive they had to adapt themselves and often reorganize their societies.[14]. German planners anticipated that the fate of their African empire would be settled, if necessary, by wars in Europe, not in Africa itself. The Congo was under King Leopold II’s rule (eventually Belgian) and Senegal, Cameroon, and several other colonies in the western Sudan and Central Africa were gained by France. [17] However, this was quickly discovered to be inefficient as many of these firms went bankrupt because of mismanagement and African resistance. For example, Mtinginya of Usongo, a powerful Nyamwezi chief aided the Germans against Isike; but by 1901, he became a potential enemy and when he died a year or two later, his chiefdom was deliberately dismantled. [24] The army in the protectorate remained small because its major task was to suppress scattered African rebellions, not to ward off other Europeans. To fix this problem members of the ‘surplus’ population were exported as colonists in Algeria, Tunisisa, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Mozambique, During the Scramble for Africa, Germany had only recently unified and was still trying to establish itself as a power on the European continent. In colonizing Africa, Germany (as well as other European states) established its own legitimacy. The key to the initial German interest in Kamerun was German businessmen's desire for trade. German South West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.With a total area of 835,100 km², it was one and a half times the size of the mainland German Empire in Europe at the time. But the truth was that they just wanted what was in Africa. There were a wide range of reasons for Germany's colonization of Africa, especially after the Berlin Conference. European colonizers were able to attain control over much of Africa through diplomatic pressure, aggressive enticement, and military invasions. Unification brought Italians together as one people and created a sense of shared national identity—as Italians rather than as Florentines or Neapolitans—including a feeling of common national destiny. This caused food shortages. As imperial Germany began creating an overseas empire in the late 19th century, many influential Germans sought to emulate the example of Great Britain, which had built its large and powerful empire in part by promoting the settlement of immigrants from the British Isles to British-controlled territories in other parts of the world, including East Africa and South Africa. Czela and blackirishboy both argue that prestige was important; it was especially important in Germany's case. Germany decided to create a colony in East Africa under the leadership of Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarckin February 1885. [2] In a way, this support by the German government completely changed the power and influence the German East African Company had. [35] The Germans realized that Namibia would be perfect for this, and ethnic cleansing was necessary to create the Lebensraum. South Africa was also the birth place of apartheid in the 1900's. In 1884, pursuant to the Berlin Conference, colonies were officially established on the African west coast, often in areas already inhabited by German missionaries and merchants. Germany was severely weakened by the Treaty of Versailles but attempted everything to regain their overseas empire. [29] The Germans made sure that they had complete control over both Togoland and its inhabitants. German Empire. Because the region lacked mineral resources (its phosphate reserves were not then known), Germany concentrated on agricultural development. The Germans thought the dispossession of their colonies was an injustice, and reiterated their economic need of the colonies, and their duty to civilize the backward races. Prior to this time, world superpowers such as Portugal, France, and Britain had already set up colonies in Africa. Between the 1870s and 1900, Africa faced European imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressures, military invasions, and eventual conquest and colonization. A depression was occurring in Europe. Germany was also active in the Pacific, annexing a series of islands that would be called Ex-'Basketball Wives' star hospitalized with COVID-19. Moreover, Bismarck was suspect of France and Great Britain’s true intentions in Africa and this only furthered his desire to cr… Due to its dry conditions Namibia’s population was forced to adapt to its environmental situation. - Positive trade German traders soon follow, establishing a base at Anécho on the coast. Yes, but the precise answer to this depends on how you define “Germany’ and also ‘colonize’. - Africans were forced to grow cash crops like cocoa, coffee, and tea. The Allies rejected the proposals because the native inhabitants of the German colonies were strongly opposed to being brought under their control again. Germany decided to create a colony in East Africa under the leadership of Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in February 1885. Eventually, the main coastal towns, which were more settled, were converted into headquarters of administration districts, and civilian district officers were appointed. The treaty only further confirmed that “Germany renounced to the Allied and Associated powers all rights and titles to her overseas territories”. [30] The Togolanders were beyond thankful to be freed from German rule, this conflicted with the previously-held contention among many European imperialists that Togoland was a model colony. [45] The Allies rejected these proposals and refused to alter the colonial settlement that an agreement was reached upon. Colonialism is the act by which a country or state exerts control and domination over another country or state. Much like the adventurers who had traveled to Asia and North America, many European explorers set out to determine the physical makeup of the African continent. German frustration from their territories being stolen from them and the extensive amount of reparations they were forced to pay led directly to World War II. The Togolese did not hate the Germans, many actually became friends and married Germans which is why many Togolese families have German names. 6 years ago. After diplomacy concluded and the conflicts resulted in German victory, their regime used bands of gunmen to maintain authority over local leaders. European powers noticed that many of these raw materials happened to be abundant in Africa. Sheriff indicted after 'Live PD' captures Black man's death The German colony rented slaves to private companies, but some companies were so big that they ran their own concentration camps. Spaniards colonized huge parts of South America and as a result most people on the continent speak Spanish today, and the cultures there take a lot from Spanish culture. 0 … The Colonization of Africa was due to a wide range of factors, not only economic and political but also for social, religious, humanitarian and technological reasons, which differed from country to country. The prospect of a colony in East Africa was too much to ignore; it was perfect for the continued economic stability and growth of Germany. The Brandenburg African Company was chartered in 1682 and established two small settlements on the Gold Coast of what is today Ghana. [41] Overall, the camps in Namibia provided the blueprint for death camps of 20th century, that Nazi Germany used. [5] The next set of business for the Germans was to impose their rule over the small-scale societies further away from the caravan routes. There were almost no free Herero people after the establishment of the concentration camps; slave labor became part of the colonial economy. [10] These ‘local compromises’, as they may be called, had common characteristics. Why? Nevertheless, the German interest in the interior continued, heightened by favorable reports from travelers such as Heinrich Barth in the 1850's; Gerhard Rohlfs in the 1860’s; and Gustav Nachtigal, from 1869 to 1873. In the initial stages of German control of East Africa, private German firms were given autonomy to run the establishment in East Africa. History classes do not give much attention to studying the colonial past of Germany. Throughout this time, Africa was forever changed. [40] However, this was a lie and the Herero that were rounded up were sent to concentration camps. The German consul, Gustav Nachtigal, declared Kamerun a protectorate of Germany on July 12, 1884. Italy was one of the European countries with colonies in Africa during the modern period. European nations saw opportunity for new trade routes and potential wealth in some of Africa's natural resources. [34] This tension between the Allied and German governments over German colonies lasted until the outbreak of World War II. Entrance to this camp was strictly forbidden as it was an extermination camp, unlike the forced labor camps. The following year gunboats were dispatched to East Africa to contest the Sultan of Zanzibar's claims of sovereignty over the mainland in what is today Tanzania. [25] The Germans used these troops to combat many revolts against their rule. [18] Most companies eventually gave way to governmental authority by the beginning of the 1920s, but the German colonial empire had already collapsed by that point. To persuade their surrender, the Germans told the Herero they would be allowed to return to their homeland; that they had been pardoned by the Kaiser. Eventually, with pressures from inside the German government as more people learned about the brutality, the Kaiser was forced to tell his military to accept the surrender of the Herero. - Open up trade to other areas. German urban areas were overcrowded because of a recent population boom, the poor became people without space to operate in. The six principal colonies of German Africa, along with native kingdoms and polities, were the legal precedents for the modern states of Burundi, Cameroon, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania and Togo. he colony came into existence during the 1880s and ended with Imperial Germany's defeat in World War I. The boldest among them argued that South-West Africa … Together these four territories constituted Germany's African presence in the age of New Imperialism. Africa’s diplomatic, strategic and material potential led European Powers to seize the opportunity to exploit a new continent. The Germans intended to make Togoland a model colony. [16] Perhaps this increased German brutality in East Africa, as Europeans would go to extreme measures to ensure their supply of raw materials. ... How did the Berlin Conference of 1884 shape the subsequent colonization of Africa? Countries like Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and other powerful countries were loosing money, and Africa looked like a… Bismark even tried to sell its South-Western African holdings (Namibia) to the British on the basis that it was a burden and an expense that he'd like to saddle someone else with. When the company’s agents landed to take over seven coastal towns in the August of 1888, the tension finally escalated into violence. [19] A slow and cautious interest in Kamerun had been growing among German businessmen for thirty years before the finalization of Kamerun as a protectorate. Why Did Europe Colonize Africa? The current countries of Rwanda and Burundi were once colonized by the Germans, who named the region Ruanda-Urundi. In nearly all African countries today, the language […] [22] After the German navy cemented their control over the Kamerun coast, and further troop landings were made, the Germans were more inclined to move inland. In fact, it was more of a localized rebellion, but the Germans did not care; they attempted to wipeout as many Herero as possible. The Colonization of Africa: During the 19th-20th centuries, the African continent was colonized mainly by European powers like Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and Russia. When Hitler formally renounced "colonies" in 1935, he meant "overseas" colonies, not the "close to home" variety in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The forest aided the Africans in discouraging whites from extending trade activities beyond the coast. They were invaded and largely occupied by the colonial forces of the Allied Powers during World War I, and in 1919 were transferred from German control by the League of Nations and divided between Belgium, France, Portugal, South Africa and the United Kingdom. However, the map shows Namibia. The Germans were aided by the severe ethnic and political fragmentation of the inland groups. By 1900 a significant part of Africa had been colonized by mainly seven European powers—Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Why: They wanted the natural resources of Namibia, and because of boring politics, they were colonizing Namibia. [44] The Germans put forward two proposals for colonial settlement: first, that a special committee, who would at least hear Germany’s side of the issue, handle the matter; and second, that Germany be allowed to administer her former colonies. 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