Unlawful interference with a computer system or computer data. Yet an Inspector General audit found that over 75 percent of the original incident reports failed to include such a distinction, meaning that they were likely to be coded as simple assault by clerks (Bustamante, 2015). Serious assault involving shooting or discharge of a firearm, 2.1.2. Unlawful possession or use of controlled drugs for personal consumption, 6.2. In the ICCS, category 4—using our revised title, acts of violence or threatened violence against a person that involve property—is effectively synonymous with robbery. In terms of sexual assault, the ICCS differentiates between physical sexual assault, non-physical sexual assault, and other sexual assault. Other acts against public order sexual standards, 8.3. Both relate to the FBI’s recent decision (stated most clearly in the director’s note accompanying Federal Bureau of Investigation (2015)) to work with its law enforcement agency contributors and to transition from the SRS to full NIBRS implementation. Other unlawful acts involving controlled drugs, psychoactive substances or precursors, 7.1.1. Flexibility in building out a classification comes from negotiating what kinds of phenomena are best handled as specific, defined offenses in the classification table or left as more general offenses (but analyzed with reference to associated attribute values). However, particularly given its placement in the list (following three broad headings of violent crime and before the purely property-based crime category), we tend to think of the category as violent crimes that involve property. framework for crime classification that is amenable to periodic revision. or damaged)—the value of property variable being commonly described as fraught with error or difficulty by current NIBRS-reporting departments. While most jurisdictions could probably agree about what constitutes a murder, what constitutes a homicide may be more problematic, while a crime against the person could vary widely. This definition is sometimes extended by statute to include any unlawful attempt, coupled with the present ability to inflict serious bodily injury on the person of another. It also comes as the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is poised, by equipping a sample of law enforcement agencies to begin reporting data in NIBRS format through the National Crime Statistics Exchange (NCS-X) Program), to finally showcase the analytic power of NIBRS because NIBRS so seeded with selected agencies will finally constitute a representative sample of the population. Other acts contrary to juvenile justice regulations, 8.10. Revisiting the point we made above in arguing for a hybrid approach between purely attribute-based and purely code-/definition-based classification systems, we had to continually deal with a necessary tension: When is it appropriate to carve out an explicit, new crime category (having corresponding weight with all the others), rather than to rely on attribute collection to modify and facilitate deeper analysis/reclassification by downstream users? These four basic principles, together and separately, raise a number of corollaries that merit separate explication. So, for instance, in 2.3.1 abduction of a minor, 3.5 sexual exploitation of children, and 8.9 acts contrary to juvenile justice regulations or involving juveniles/minors—among other places in the classification—we decline to suggest a fixed, uniform age cut-off that distinguishes minors/juveniles/children from adults. Racketeering, and violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, 9.3.2. And the Irish Crime Classification System’s “condensed” formulation plays loosely with pure hierarchical layering but, doing so in the interest of distilling information of peak public interest, is an elegant solution to conveying a large quantity of information in approachable form. Similarly, we split 13 third-level offenses into 38 specific fourth-level (X.X.X.X) categories, meaning that a fully expanded fourth-level listing from our classification would have 189 listings. Type of weapon or force involved, for attack-type crimes: Attack with firearm: Handgun/pistol; rifle/long gun; other/unknown, Attack without external weapon: Bodily attacks (hands/fists, feet, etc. Number of victims, all offenses in incident: Number of offenders, all offenses in incident: – Threatened (neither attempted nor completed), – Relative: Parent; child; sibling; grandparent; grandchild; other relative, – Known to the victim: Current spouse or intimate partner; former spouse or intimate partner; colleague (e.g., at workplace); friend; other known person/acquaintance. Accordingly, in the parlance of a statistical classification, we seek to partition “crime” into offense categories, such that each individual offense corresponds to one and only one category. We built notions of the quantity/value of drugs involved into the statements of offenses, but have omitted a general attribute for value of property involved (e.g., stolen. We revise the ICCS’s mention of “statutory rape”—which can be a problematic term in U.S. state statute—to more directly get at what we think is intended as a subcategory, namely rape involving inability to express consent or nonconsent (3.1.3). The ICCS was also an ideal base because of its emergence as the product of several years of expert collaboration by numerous national statistical offices and crime statistics producers—solid work that warrants consideration and adaptation, rather than starting from scratch. Drawing a correspondence between this suggested classification and current (or as-yet nonexistent) data collections awaits our second report. Spanish. BUILDING FROM AND WEIGHING ALL of the preceding material—the range of crime-related information currently gathered (or that could be gathered) in existing data collections, the user and stakeholder input obtained at the panel’s workshop-style sessions, and the examples of past and current crime classification schemes—we arrive at the main purpose and sole formal recommendation in this first report. Other acts causing harm or intending to cause harm to the person, 3.1.3. It also comes as the major organizational bodies of chiefs of police (including the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the Major Cities Chiefs Association, the. The ICCS’s offense category “participation in an organized criminal group” seemed overly broad, and it was difficult to identify specific crimes related to organized crime—other than racketeering offenses—in its stead. In short, this is a uniquely opportune time to state a few select conclusions that derive directly from this report’s focus on development of a crime classification and from what we learned from outreach to the broader crime statistics constituencies. Interest in understanding crime surged in the 1920s, which proved to be a pivotal decade for the collection of nationwide crime statistics. International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes The International Classification of Crimes for Statistical Purposes (ICCS) is a tool for the classification and subsequent quantification of crimes for statistical purposes. 5.3.2.1 Unlawful interference with a computer system; 5.3.2.2 Unlawful interference with computer data, 5.3.3. We agree with the ICCS about grouping these two crime types under the heading (2.9, in our classification) of acts intended to induce fear or emotional distress. At this point, two related points should be made very clear. While 56% of countries that responded had at least started an assessment of their current data production to explore the status of national crime statistics, only 44% had already started to identify all categories in the ICCS that are neither criminal offences nor administrative infractions in their country. Obviously, there is no comparison in the relative gravity of these two types of assaults and the inclusion of both in the same class would diminish its reliability as an index of crime. Arabic, Yet facility for comparability of information on crime is certainly one of the highest—if not the highest—desire for crime statistics, not to belittle or condemn jurisdictions that are worse off crime-wise than one’s own but to be able to sort out which anti-crime approaches or interventions may work (and which may not). A full-participation NIBRS that holds to that system’s current design and content would have great difficulty satisfying all or most crime statistics user needs. 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