This consists of the verb together with its objects and other complements and modifiers. to be in a genitive construction as a possessive or objective genitive etc.) ), verbs of will or desire not to do anything (δέδοικα/δέδια "fear to", φοβοῦμαι "be afraid to", ἀπέχομαι "abstain from doing", αἰσχύνομαι "be ashamed to", ἀπαγορεύω "forbid to", κωλύω "hinder, prevent" etc.) The infinitives of these languages are inflected for passive voice through the addition of -s or -st to the active form. Note: a "declarative" infinitive is sometimes the mood of subordinated clauses in indirect speech, instead of a corresponding indicative (either a realis or conditional irrealis one) or optative mood, in modal assimilation to the main infinitive used to represent the independent clause of the direct speech; so after relative, temporal or conditional conjunctions such as: ὃς "who" or ὅστις "whoever", ἐπεὶ or ἐπειδή "since, when", ὅτε "when", εἰ "if" etc. There are also four other infinitives, plus a "long" form of the first: Note that all of these must change to reflect vowel harmony, so the fifth infinitive (with a third-person suffix) of hypätä "jump" is hyppäämäisillään "he was about to jump", not *hyppäämaisillaan. In traditional descriptions of English, the infinitive is the basic dictionary form of a verb when used non-finitely, with or without the particle to. The name of that form of a verb which expresses simply the notion of the verb without predicating it of any subject. An example: When the subject of the infinitive is identical (coreferential) with the subject of the governing verb, then normally it is omitted and understood in the nominative case. Madvig, J.N., Syntax der griechishen Sprache, besonders der attishen Sprachform, für Shulen. Athematic verbs, and perfect actives and aorist passives, add the suffix -ναι instead, e.g., διδό-ναι. In all the above examples the case of the subject of the infinitive is governed by the case requirements of the main verb and "the infinitive is appended as a third argument"[64] (Concerning the second and third examples, in modern linguistic terms we have to do with an object control construction). "I want that you come", with come being in the subjunctive mood). For details see Latin conjugation § Infinitives. This helps to make infinitive clauses very common in these languages; for example, the English finite clause in order that you/she/we have... would be translated to Portuguese like para teres/ela ter/termos... (Portuguese is a null-subject language). For example, in Italian infinitives end in -are, -ere, -rre (rare), or -ire (which is still identical to the Latin forms), and in -arsi, -ersi, -rsi, -irsi for the reflexive forms. Instead, they use finite verb forms in ordinary clauses or various special constructions. The infinitive without the article is of two sorts and has two discrete uses: the dynamic infinitive and the declarative infinitive. The infinitive mood is a form of the verb. The only verb that is modal in common modern Romanian is the verb a putea, to be able to. In Romanian, the infinitive is usually replaced by a clause containing the conjunction să plus the subjunctive mood. Hence sit and to sit, as used in the following sentences, would each be considered an infinitive: The form without to is called the bare infinitive; the form introduced by to is called the full infinitive or to-infinitive. For example, in German, the infinitive form of the verb usually goes to the end of its clause, whereas a finite verb (in an independent clause) typically comes in second position. However, current informal American speech tends to use the simple past: Did you eat yet? [1] Unlike finite verbs, infinitives are not usually inflected for tense, person, etc. The Infinitive Mood : Mood of A Verb Mood is that attribute of a verb by which it denotes the manner or way in which the assertion is expressed. Infinitive Mood: expresses an action or state without reference to any subject. A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. However, the auxiliary verbs have (used to form the perfect) and be (used to form the passive voice and continuous aspect) both commonly appear in the infinitive: "I should have finished by now"; "It's thought to have been a burial site"; "Let him be released"; "I hope to be working tomorrow. Normally, the Latin imperative mood expresses direct commands (orders) like "Go to sleep!" [3] The "short infinitives" used in verbal contexts (e.g., after an auxiliary verb) have the endings -a,-ea, -e, and -i (basically removing the ending in "-re"). The distinction of the "tenses" in moods other than the indicative is predominantly one of aspect rather than time. a mood or mode of verbs. The infinitive in Russian usually ends in -t’ (ть) preceded by a thematic vowel, or -ti (ти), if not preceded by one; some verbs have a stem ending in a consonant and change the t to č’, like *mogt’ → moč’ (*могть → мочь) "can". English rearranges the word order and sometimes adds an exclamation point. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Ancient Greek has both (a) the infinitive with the article (articular infinitive), for example τὸ ἀδικεῖν "doing wrong, wrong-doing" and (b) the infinitive without the article, for example ἀδικεῖν "to do wrong". A matter of controversy among prescriptive grammarians and style writers has been the appropriateness of separating the two words of the to-infinitive (as in "I expect to happily sit here"). It stands as the object (direct or indirect) of such verbs or verbal expressions, or it serves as the subject if the verb/the verbal expression is used impersonally; it also defines the meaning of an adjective almost as an accusative of respect. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. For that reason, the present first-person singular conjugation is the dictionary form in Bulgarian, while Macedonian uses the third person singular form of the verb in present tense. Define subjunctive mood: the definition of subjunctive mood is the mood used to express an a hypothetical or unreal state or action. The infinitive is formed by adding a prefix to the stem: either iha- [iʔa-] (plus a vowel change of certain vowel-initial stems) if the complement clause is transitive, or ica- [ika-] (and no vowel change) if the complement clause is intransitive. Serbian officially retains infinitives -ti or -ći, but is more flexible than the other slavic languages in breaking the infinitive through a clause. On the other hand, as it is indicated by predicate adjectives/sunstantives or participial constituents of the infinitival clause, it is not unusual at all for an accusative to be understood and be supplied by context as the subject of the infinitive, as the following examples illustrate. German infinitives can form nouns, often expressing abstractions of the action, in which case they are of neuter gender: das Essen means the eating, but also the food. The formation of the infinitive in the Romance languages reflects that in their ancestor, Latin, almost all verbs had an infinitive ending with -re (preceded by one of various thematic vowels). These can also be marked for passive voice (as can the plain infinitive): Further constructions can be made with other auxiliary-like expressions, like (to) be going to eat or (to) be about to eat, which have future meaning. The few verbs with stems ending in -a have infinitives in -n (gaan — to go, slaan — to hit). Details / edit. Rijksbaron, Albert. The conditional perfect construction combines conditional mood with perfect aspect, and consists of would (or the contraction ' d, or sometimes should in the first person, as above), the bare infinitive have, and the past participle of the main verb. The two forms are mostly in complementary distribution – certain contexts call for one, and certain contexts for the other; they are not normally interchangeable, except in occasional instances like after the verb help, where either can be used. So an embedded participial clause like φάσκοντες εἶναι σοφοί "claiming that they are wise" or οἱ φάσκοντες εἶναι σοφοί "Those who claim that they are wise" is declined this way -in any of the following word ordering, but in slightly different each time meaning (see topicalization and focusing): In the above phrasal structuring the predicate adjective σοφοὶ "wise" is always put in the case of its governing participle φάσκοντες "claiming". For details of this, see split infinitive. There are two forms of… … Bryson’s dictionary for writers and editors ", The ("dynamic") infinitive is used instead of the indicative mood, with substantial difference in meaning, in certain subordinate clauses introduced by specific conjunctions: ὥστε (ὡς) "so as to, so that",[36] πρίν (πρόσθεν... ἤ) "before" or "until"[37] and relative adjectives introducing relative clauses of result, such as ὅσος "so much as enough to", οἷος "of such a short as to",[38] ὃς or ὅστις "(so...) that he could", in clauses introduced by the prepositional phrases ἐφ' ᾧ or ἐφ' ᾧτε or with ὥστε "with the proviso that".[39]. The infinitive absolute is used for verb focus and emphasis, like in מות ימות mōth yāmūth (literally "a dying he will die"; figuratively, "he shall indeed/surely die"). English has infinitive constructions that are marked (periphrastically) for aspect: perfect, progressive (continuous), or a combination of the two (perfect progressive). In the following examples the infinitival clause is put in square brackets []: Some actual examples from classic Greek literature: Oratio recta/Direct speech would have been: τοὺς πονηροτάτους καὶ ἐξαγίστους ὀνομαζομένους αἱNOM συμφοραὶNOM σωφρονίζουσινFIN. [19] So, in cases as those presented in the following examples, a dynamic infinitive somehow recalls a corresponding finite mood expressing will or desire, pray or curse, exhortation or prohibition etc. Many verb forms known as infinitives differ from gerunds (verbal nouns) in that they do not inflect for case or occur in adpositional phrases. "to destroy" = λυειν). Regarding English, the term "infinitive" is traditionally applied to the unmarked form of the verb (the "plain form") when it forms a non-finite verb, whether or not introduced by the particle to. In English, this is usually formed with the verb stem preceded by 'to'. To form the so-called first infinitive, the strong form of the root (without consonant gradation or epenthetic 'e') is used, and these changes occur: As such, it is inconvenient for dictionary use, because the imperative would be closer to the root word. The infinitive in English. (Articulated substantive -subject of the finite verb- and predicate adjective both in nominative case). [34][35] The same constructional alternation is available in English (declarative content clause -a that clause- or to-infinitive), as shown below. Like other non-finite verb forms (like participles, converbs, gerunds and gerundives), infinitives do not generally have an expressed subject; thus an infinitive verb phrase also constitutes a complete non-finite clause, called an infinitive (infinitival) clause. ", Huddleston and Pullum's Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002) does not use the notion of the "infinitive" ("there is no form in the English verb paradigm called 'the infinitive'"), only that of the infinitival clause, noting that English uses the same form of the verb, the plain form, in infinitival clauses that it uses in imperative and present-subjunctive clauses.[2]. "I want that I write a book", with a verb in the subjunctive mood) or urīdu kitābata kitābin (lit. Infinitive From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The infinitive is a verb form. (Articulated substantive as subject of the finite verb would have been put in nominative case), Oratio recta/Direct speech would have been: ἡNOM ἡμετέρα φύσιςNOM ἱκανωτέραNOM ἐστὶFIN τῆς ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν προκριθείσης. The infinitive 'mood' or form of a verb. or an adverbial use (e.g. The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive have a variety of uses in English. infinitive— he term describes verbs that are in the infinite mood (i.e., that do not have a subject). An infinitive of this kind denotes only aspect or stage of action, not actual tense,[13] and can be in any tense stem (mostly in the present and aorist (see also here), the perfect being rare enough) except the future one; only the verb μέλλω "I am about to" may exceptionally take a dynamic future infinitive. When the infinitival subject is coreferent with a word constructed with the governing verb in a higher syntactic level, in other words, when the subject of the infinitive is itself (a second) argument of the governing verb, then it is normally omitted and understood either in the oblique case in which the second argument is put (see also in the previous paragraph the reference to PRO and control structures), or in the accusative as if in an accusative and infinitive construction (but with the accusative noun or pronoun obligatorily suppressed and implied). The use of zu with infinitives is similar to English to, but is less frequent than in English. In English, an infinitive verb is expressed using the word "to" before the verb (e.g. The infinitive shows agreement in number with the controlling subject. The infinitive per se does not exist in Modern Greek. The optative mood, infinitives and participles are found in four tenses (present, aorist, perfect, and future) and all three voices. that form of the verb which merely names the action, and performs the office of a verbal noun. it can form a genitive that denotes cause etc. (For some irregular verbs the form of the infinitive coincides additionally with that of the past tense and/or past participle, like in the case of put. Analogous aspectual distinctions between the present and aorist verbal stem are present also in the use of finite moods as the imperative and the subjunctive[17] and even the optative of wishes[18] in independent clauses. "Our nature is more competent than the one chosen by the gods as best". e.g. Almost all expressions where an infinitive may be used in Bulgarian are listed here; neverthess in all cases a subordinate clause is the more usual form. Following certain verbs or prepositions, infinitives commonly do have an implicit subject, e.g.. As these examples illustrate, the implicit subject of the infinitive occurs in the objective case (them, him) in contrast to the nominative case that occurs with a finite verb, e.g., "They ate their dinner." Such phrases or clauses may play a variety of roles within sentences, often being nouns (for example being the subject of a sentence or being a complement of another verb), and sometimes being adverbs or other types of modifier. As far as the dative is concerned, the choice between a word in concord with a dative and an accusative case seems to be laid down by the speaker's/writer's preference.[67]. Afrikaans has lost the distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs, with the exception of the verbs "wees" (to be), which admits the present form "is", and the verb "hê" (to have), whose present form is "het". "I want the writing of a book", with the masdar or verbal noun), and in Levantine Colloquial Arabic biddi aktub kitāb (subordinate clause with verb in subjunctive). The infinitive is a verb form. This suffix appearance in Old Norse was a contraction of mik (“me”, forming -mk) or sik (reflexive pronoun, forming -sk) and was originally expressing reflexive actions: (hann) kallar (“(he) calls”) + -sik (“himself”) > (hann) kallask (“(he) calls himself”). For the difference between the aorist and the imperfect in narration see: William Watson Goodwin. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Imperative Mood . Many Native American languages, Arabic and some languages in Africa and Australia do not have direct equivalents to infinitives or verbal nouns. a noun] with certain verbal functions, esp. Clauses with implicit subject in the objective case, Translation to languages without an infinitive, Uses of English verb forms § Perfect and progressive non-finite constructions, "Defining non-finites: action nominals, converbs and infinitives", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infinitive&oldid=996674105, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, (to) go to the store for a pound of sugar. The grammatical structure of an infinitival clause may differ from that of a corresponding finite clause. It has no person, number, mood, or tense.. Moreover, the "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive") found in Portuguese and Galician inflects for person and number. In northern parts of Norway the infinitive suffix is completely lost (å lag’ vs. å kast’) or only the -a is kept (å laga vs. å kast’). Nevertheless, dictionaries use the first infinitive. Latin infinitives challenged several of the generalizations about infinitives. [6] This usage is commonplace in the Bible, but in Modern Hebrew it is restricted to high-register literary works. Opposing linguistic theories typically do not consider the to-infinitive a distinct constituent, instead regarding the scope of the particle to as an entire verb phrase; thus, to buy a car is parsed like to [buy [a car]], not like [to buy] [a car]. Some grammarians make two forms in English: (a) The simple form, as, speak, go, hear, before which to is commonly placed, as, to speak; to go; to hear. ); it may form an exclamation (in poetry); it can also be the complement (object) of a preposition in any oblique case and denote many adverbial relations; finally, if in the genitive case, it can denote purpose, oftener a negative one. Is similar to English to, but is more flexible than the indicative mood is the used... 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